Gum Disease (Periodontal Disease)

Gum disease, also known as periodontal disease, is caused by a buildup of plaque and bacteria between the teeth and gums. If left untreated, the gums can become infected, and advanced gum disease can be painful, difficult to treat, and may lead to tooth loss.

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Symptoms of Gum Disease

Symptoms vary depending on the severity and progression of the disease, and may include:

  • Swollen and sore gums
  • Red or inflamed gums
  • Gums that bleed easily
  • Gums that recede from the teeth
  • Loose teeth
  • Chronic bad breath
  • Pain when chewing

Causes and Stages of Gum Disease

Gum disease is most often caused by plaque, a sticky film of bacteria that forms on the teeth after eating. When plaque is not removed through regular brushing and flossing, it irritates the gums and can lead to gum disease. The disease progresses in two primary stages:

Gingivitis

Gingivitis is the earliest stage of gum disease. Symptoms include swollen, red, and inflamed gums that may bleed easily. Gingivitis can usually be treated effectively with professional dental cleaning and proper oral hygiene at home to prevent further progression.

Periodontitis

If gingivitis is left untreated, it can advance to periodontitis, a more severe form of gum disease. At this stage, gums are extremely inflamed and begin to pull away from the teeth. This can cause teeth to loosen as the underlying bone and supporting ligaments are damaged.

Treatment of Gum Disease

Treatment depends on the severity and stage of the disease, and patients are often referred to a periodontist. Common treatments include:

Scaling and Root Planing

A deep-cleaning procedure that removes bacteria and plaque from below the gum line and smooths the tooth roots to promote healing.

Medication

Antibiotics or antimicrobial agents may be prescribed to fight infection, reduce inflammation, and shrink gum pockets formed due to gum disease.

Surgery

If other treatments are ineffective, flap surgery may be performed to lift and clean beneath the gums. Gum or bone grafts may also be used to restore damaged tissue or bone lost from periodontitis.

Prevention of Gum Disease

Preventing gum disease starts with controlling plaque through proper dental hygiene. Additional preventive measures include:

  • Not smoking
  • Eating a balanced, healthy diet
  • Brushing and flossing teeth daily
  • Visiting the dentist regularly

Early detection and treatment are essential to prevent serious complications, so it is important to consult a dentist if any signs of gum disease are present.